生物質發(fā)電是利用生物質所具有的生物質能進行的發(fā)電，是可再生能源發(fā)電的一種，包括農(nóng)林廢棄物直接燃燒發(fā)電、農(nóng)林廢棄物氣化發(fā)電、垃圾焚燒發(fā)電、垃圾填埋氣發(fā)電、沼氣發(fā)電。世界生物質發(fā)電起源于20世紀70年代，當時，世界性的石油危機爆發(fā)后，丹麥開始積極開發(fā)清潔的可再生能源，大力推行秸稈等生物質發(fā)電。自1990年以來，生物質發(fā)電在歐美許多國家開始大力發(fā)展。
Biomass power generation is a kind of renewable energy power generation using biomass energy, including direct combustion of agricultural and forestry wastes, gasification of agricultural and forestry wastes, waste incineration power generation, landfill gas power generation, and biogas power generation. World biomass power generation originated in the 1970s. At that time, after the outbreak of the world oil crisis, Denmark began to actively develop clean renewable energy and vigorously promote biomass power generation such as straw. Since 1990, biomass power generation has been vigorously developed in many European and American countries.
二、生物質能發(fā)電的原理
2、 The principle of biomass power generation
發(fā)電原理：與燃煤發(fā)電原理相同。物質直接燃燒發(fā)電與燃煤火力發(fā)電在原理上沒有本質區(qū)別，主要區(qū)別體現(xiàn)在原料上，火力發(fā)電的原料是煤，而直接燃燒發(fā)電的原料主要是農(nóng)林廢棄物和秸稈。直接燃燒發(fā)電是把生物質原料送入適合生物質燃燒的特定蒸汽鍋爐中，產(chǎn)生蒸汽，驅動蒸汽機轉動從而帶動發(fā)電機發(fā)電。
Power generation principle: the same as that of coal-fired power generation. There is no essential difference between the principle of material direct combustion power generation and coal-fired thermal power generation. The main difference is reflected in the raw material. The raw material of thermal power generation is coal, while the raw material of direct combustion power generation is mainly agricultural and forestry waste and straw. Direct combustion power generation is to send biomass raw materials into a specific steam boiler suitable for biomass combustion, generate steam, drive the steam engine to rotate and drive the generator to generate electricity.
具體流程如下：將秸稈等生物質加工成適于鍋爐燃燒的形式(粉狀或塊狀)，送入鍋爐內充分燃燒，使儲存于生物質燃料中的化學能轉變成熱能;鍋爐內的水燒熱后產(chǎn)生飽和蒸汽，飽和蒸汽在過熱器內繼續(xù)加熱成過熱蒸汽進入汽輪機，驅動汽輪發(fā)電機組旋轉，將蒸汽的內能轉換成機械能，后由發(fā)電機將機械能變成電能。
The specific process is as follows: process straw and other biomass into a form suitable for boiler combustion (powder or block), and send it into the boiler for full combustion, so that the chemical energy stored in the biomass fuel can be converted into heat energy; After the water in the boiler is heated, saturated steam will be generated. The saturated steam will continue to be heated into superheated steam in the superheater and enter the steam turbine to drive the steam turbine generator unit to rotate, convert the internal energy of the steam into mechanical energy, and finally turn the mechanical energy into electrical energy by the generator.

生物質發(fā)電廠的發(fā)電設備和同樣規(guī)模的燃煤發(fā)電設備是非常相似的，目前我國大多數(shù)生物質直燃發(fā)電廠內所使用的燃燒工具主要包括生物質水冷振動爐排鍋爐、生物質循環(huán)流化床鍋爐以及聯(lián)合爐排鍋爐， 其中運用廣泛的是水冷振動爐排鍋爐。蒸汽發(fā)電機組多采用高溫高壓抽凝式汽輪機組。
The power generation equipment of biomass power plants and coal-fired power generation equipment of the same scale are very similar. At present, the combustion tools used in most biomass direct-fired power plants in China mainly include biomass water-cooled vibrating grate boilers, biomass circulating fluidized bed boilers and combined grate boilers, of which the water-cooled vibrating grate boilers are the most widely used. High temperature and high pressure condensing steam turbine units are mostly used for steam generator units.
三、生物質能發(fā)電的優(yōu)缺點
3、 Advantages and disadvantages of biomass power generation
生物質能發(fā)電的優(yōu)點：
Advantages of biomass power generation:
①生物質能發(fā)電在可再生 能源發(fā)電中電能質量好、可靠性高，比小水電、風電和太陽能發(fā) 電等間歇性發(fā)電要好得多，可以作為小水電、風電、太陽能發(fā)電的補充能源，具有很高的經(jīng)濟價值
① Biomass power generation has good power quality and high reliability in renewable energy generation, which is much better than intermittent power generation such as small hydropower, wind power and solar power generation. It can be used as a supplementary energy for small hydropower, wind power and solar power generation, and has high economic value
②生物質能發(fā)電廠基本上都 可以建設在縣城的工業(yè)園區(qū)內，因此生物質能發(fā)電廠可以直接就 地進行上網(wǎng)供電;③生物質電廠的建設有利于電源合理布局，有利于降低電網(wǎng)的線損，有利于電網(wǎng)的節(jié)能降損。
② Basically, biomass power plants can be built in the industrial park of the county, so biomass power plants can directly supply power to the grid locally; ③ The construction of biomass power plant is conducive to the rational distribution of power supply, the reduction of line loss of power grid, and the energy conservation and loss reduction of power grid.
生物質能發(fā)電的缺點：
Disadvantages of biomass power generation:
①建設和運營成本相對較高
① Relatively high construction and operation costs
②技術幵發(fā)能力和產(chǎn)業(yè)體系薄弱。
② The technological development capacity and industrial system are weak.